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Signed integer decimal Unsigned octal Unsigned decimal Unsigned hexadecimal (lowercase) Unsigned hexadecimal (uppercase) Floating point exponential format (lowercase) Floating point exponential format (uppercase) Floating point decimal format Same as e if exponent is greater than 4 or less than precision, f otherwise Same as E if exponent is greater than 4 or less than precision, F otherwise Single character (accepts integer or single character string) String (converts any Python object using repr)

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In this chapter you ve used comparisons, together with if and unless, to perform different operations based upon the circumstances. if and unless work well on single lines of code, but when combined with large sections of code become even more powerful. In this section you ll be looking at how Ruby lets you control the flow of your programs with these and other constructs.

The first use of if within this chapter used this demonstration:

You have in your PowerPoint le a powerful planning tool, with each slide representing one idea that you will convey at one point in the presentation as summarized by the headline. You will probably add graphics to most of these slides to illustrate the headlines, but you don t have to limit yourself to showing information on a slide exclusively with a graphic; you can use other media tools and techniques. For example, use a physical prop that you hold in your hands or pass around to audience members to communicate an Explanation slide, as shown in Figure 6-14. You might switch to a different software application on your desktop to communicate the headlines across three Detail slides. Or you might use a brief video clip to illustrate each of your three Key Point slides. The storyboard will guide you as you decide whether to use different media you will speci cally choose to include different media based on the slide s headline and its location within the Act II hierarchy. For example, you wouldn t use your most memorable video clip on a Detail slide because you don t want your audience to remember the Detail slides over the Key Point slides you would integrate and use the clip through the Key Point slides instead.

If the value of age is under 18, the string is printed to the screen. The following code is equivalent:

A conversion specifier may include a field width and a precision. The width is the minimum number of characters reserved for a formatted value, while the precision is (for a numeric conversion) the number of decimals that will be included in the result, or (for a string conversion) the maximum number of characters the formatted value may have. These two parameters are supplied as two integer numbers (width first, then precision), separated by a . (dot). Both are optional, but if you want to supply only the precision, you must also include the dot: >>> '%10f' % ' 3.141593' >>> '%10.2f' ' 3.14' >>> '%.2f' % '3.14' >>> '%.5s' % 'Guido' pi % pi pi # Field width 10 # Field width 10, precision 2 # Precision 2

It looks similar, but the code to be executed if the expression is true is contained between the if expression and end, instead of the if expression being added onto the end of a single line of code. This construction makes it possible to put any number of lines of code in between the if statement and the end line:

6

age = 10 if age < 18 puts "You're too young to use this system" puts "So we're going to exit your program now" exit end

It s worth noting that unless can work in exactly the same way because unless is just the opposite of if:

Even when you use other media, your PowerPoint storyboard will still be the foundation that guides the entire experience. On the slides where you use other media, in most cases, you ll keep just the headline on the screen to keep the meaning of what you re doing clear and in the context of the overall presentation. Or you may use a photo as a physical prop to ensure that everyone sees it clearly. You ll see an example of this technique shortly in 7.

age = 10 unless age >= 18 puts "You're too young to use this system" puts "So we're going to exit your program now" exit end

'Guido van Rossum'